RayBench EmbeddedInteractive engineering labs
CONNECTIVITY

I2S Audio

I2S audio: word select, bit clock and MCLK arithmetic, Philips versus left-justified alignment, and the one-bit shift that ruins audio while the signals look perfect.

Interactive lab

This page is a live simulation rather than a written lesson: enable JavaScript to use its controls, visualizations, and code traces. The written lessons for this subject are linked below.

More in Connectivity

  • CAN BusCAN bus arbitration, dominant/recessive voltage levels, bit stuffing, frame structure, and error states. Interactive multi-node arbitration simulator, a full-frame walkthrough that animates every field (SOF, ID, DLC, data, CRC-15, ACK, EOF) on real CANH/CANL voltage waveforms, a CRC noise demo, and a fault-injection debug lab.
  • SPISPI bus modes (CPOL/CPHA), clock polarity, phase, and multi-slave chip-select. Interactive lab for MOSI/MISO timing.
  • TCPTCP from first principles to advanced: full header field explorer, three-way handshake with real seq/ack numbers and SYN-loss retransmission, animated sliding-window data transfer with scripted packet loss, congestion control (slow start, congestion avoidance, cwnd halving), and window-vs-BDP throughput. Interactive simulator plus theory.
  • UARTUART frame structure, baud rate calculation, start/stop bits, parity, and flow control. Interactive simulator for TX/RX timing analysis.
  • I2CI2C protocol: start/stop conditions, addressing, ACK/NACK, clock stretching, and multi-master arbitration. Interactive simulator.
  • 1-Wire1-Wire: bit values encoded as pulse duration, the interrupt jitter budget, reset and presence, ROM search as a binary tree walk, CRC-8, and parasitic power.
  • Framing & COBSMessage framing on a byte stream: length prefixes, byte stuffing, SLIP and COBS, and why resynchronisation after a lost byte decides which one you should use.
  • LIN BusLIN bus: break and sync-byte calibration for crystal-less slaves, protected identifier parity, classic versus enhanced checksums, and offline schedule tables.
  • LoRaWANLoRaWAN: spreading factor against airtime, duty cycle limits, Class A downlink windows, OTAA versus ABP, frame counters and adaptive data rate.
  • MQTTMQTT publish/subscribe: topic hierarchy design, QoS 0/1/2 delivery guarantees, retained messages, last will, keep-alive and persistent sessions.
  • HTTP / HTTPSHTTP request and response framing, status code categories, Content-Length versus chunked encoding, keep-alive, and safe retry policy per method.
  • TLS SecurityTLS on embedded targets: what certificate validation actually checks, why the clock is a security dependency, trust stores, forward secrecy and rotation.